The Islamic State Of Iraq And The Levant - 1439 Words

ISIS is known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and was formed in 1999 by member Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. ISIS was originally from al-Qaeda, another terrorist group, but this group mainly was a small insurgent group in Iraq in 2006 and would help assist in the Syrian Civil War in 2013. They took Iraq in October 2006, then Levant in April 8, 2013; however, they would then be separated from al-Qaeda because of the war between ISIS and Jabhat al Nusra. In 2015, ISIS would then be considered as the number one most dangerous group of terrorists in history. After four ISIS members went on a shooting rampage and blew themselves up in Paris, where over one hundred fifty people would lose their lives; a conspiracy theory explaining that the†¦show more content†¦Two years later, the Iraq war would start in March 2003, and after eight years of fighting in Iraq the war would end in 2011. As a result, at the end of the war, the U.S had destroyed the government, toppled Saddam Huss ein, and destroyed Iraq’s governmental infrastructure. However, the most important thing that the U.S. left behind was a power vacuum, in a political standpoint, this means when some have lost government authority or power and no one can replace them. Which means a new type of government can be utilized as a democracy, monarchy, or even a communist rule. So anyone with a military and government control can take over Iraq and claim it as their territory. This power vacuum left behind from the U.S would start the formation of ISIS, they would gain control over Iraq as America had withdrew all military forces from the country. Lister (2014) stated that â€Å"The aim of ISIS is to create an Islamic state across Sunni areas of Iraq and in Syria.†(para.4). Before the war, people suspected Iraq was just another corrupted country, but it was not because it had a decent functioning government, and many average people in Iraq were able to live an ordinary life in the country; al though, conditions for minority religious people were somewhat bad in Iraq. It was probably the only bad part about Iraq, but it’s mainly a social issue in Iraq’s

Critically Discuss Three Sociological Approaches to...

Critically discuss three sociological approaches to explaining crime? One of the most predominant areas of study in sociology is in the explanation of crime and deviance in society. Criminal acts are those which violate established formal laws, whereas deviance refers to the breaking of social norms. Crime and deviance are a social construct as they are decided by the people in a society and can vary greatly depending on the society in question, as well as the time period being studied. In the past research focussed on pursuing biological explanations for people committing criminal or deviant acts. The prevalence of convicted male criminals and the discovery of the XYY chromosome pattern in male prison inmates lead some scientists to†¦show more content†¦Durkheim also proposed that social views to activities considered deviant could change and that those activities could eventually become part of the socially accepted norm, changing society. For example, attitudes towards homosexuality have changed significantly in the last 50 years, with decriminalisation leading to tolerance and eventual acceptance by general society. This social change occurs when a segment of society begins to support acts considered deviant, causing society as a whole to reconsider its collective position and advance its cultural boundaries, conceivably for the benefit of all. Strain theory, proposed by Robert Merton and advanced by Albert Cohen, Richard Cloward, Lloyd Ohlin and Robert Agnew, argues that it is the structure of society that causes crime due to the pressure put on society’s members to achieve common social goals. For example, the capitalist ‘American Dream’ of financial success has lead some, who are unable to achieve this goal through conventional means (often the poor and powerless), to turn to crime as a way of gaining financial prosperity. This can lead to the formation of criminal subcultures where different values become important such as fearlessness and resentment towards authority. This allows those who are unable to achieve success conventionally to gain statusShow MoreRelatedTraditional African Family19679 Words   |  79 Pagessubsequent edition has been unrivalled for accuracy and detail. These lesson plans aim to provide guidance on using the sixth edition of Sociology Themes and Perspectives in a teaching context by offering practical classroom support for teachers. Three lesson plans are provided for each chapter. One of these is a glossary exercise that will help students come to terms with the conceptual base of the subject and allow them to build a running dictionary of sociology. The other two lessons focus onRead MoreCompare and Contrast Functionalism and Structuralism14315 Words   |  58 PagesChapter 1 What is social psychology? 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Code Breaker in the Second World War

Question: 1. You are a code breaker in the Second World War and youve just intercepted the following Enigma message:C I.IV.VII ABC AAA AZ BY CP DF HI JWBFHK RESW TIOD BPMN ICJM RVBN KRDS JSPV FABM QQXE OVFYou have advance information that this message contains three names of suspects. Luckily you also have a time machine that allows you move to 2015 and access the Internet to break this code. So you go to https://enigma.louisedade.co.uk/enigma.html to use an Enigma emulator.The first line is the settings for Enigma, the first 3 letters on the second line are the daily settings, and the rest of the second line is the message.On the first line you can tell from the I.IV.VII part that this is an M3 Enigma (only 3 wheels). For the rest The C means we set the Umkehrwalze (reflector wheel) to C. I.IV.VII means we set the Walzenlage (wheel order) to wheel I, IV, and VII We set the Ringstellung (ring setting) to ABC We set the Grundstellung (start position) to AAA On the plugboard (Steckerbrett) to ma tch A to Z (type Z in the box under A), B to Y, C to P, D to F, H to I and finally J to W.Once youve done this, you type in the first 3 letters of the second line into the Type Letter box. Check the Out box to see what it encodes to and use these 3 letters to replace the contents of the Grundstellung (start position). Now we can decode the message.Click where it says Block of Text and copy and paste the second line of the code from above (you dont need the first 3 letters). Click Encipher/Decipher Text and you should see the deciphered message in the Out Box. The names are separated by Xs since there is not a space character in Enigma.a) Once you have the names, write a half a page description for each person stating who they are, what their contribution to Computer Science was, and why it was significant. Please include at least 2 references for each person. If you cannot break the code, choose any 3 pioneers in computing and write the descriptions.b) Also the head code breaker wants to check your work so he wants you to use the same Enigma settings as in the intercepted message to code his name, ProfessorxHircock, and submit the ciphered code as part of the assignmen t (you only need to submit the ciphered name, not the settings).2. Encryption and decryption played a large role in the outcome of the Second World War. After the war and for the next few decades, encryption played little or no role in the life of the average person. What about now? Discuss how encryption and decryption impacts upon our lives today. Describe two examples of encryption that people interact with most every day. Please provide references.3. Computers have had a very large effect on society. Their use has helped us in many ways and also hurt us in many ways. Select and describe the 2 most positive impacts of computing and the 2 most negative impacts of computing. Justify your selections. Please provide references. Answer: 1. The names are: BLAISE X PASCAL X ADA X LOVELACE X GRACE X HOPPER X 1 a. Blaise Pascal, a French numerical virtuoso, at 19 years old imagined a machine, which he called the Pascaline that could do expansion and subtraction to help his dad, who was likewise a mathematician. Pascal's machine comprised of a progression of apparatuses with 10 teeth each one, speaking to the numbers 0 to 9. As each one rigging made one turn it would trip the following apparatus up to make 1/10 of an upheaval. This standard remained the establishment of all mechanical calculators for quite a long time after his demise. The Pascal programming dialect was named in his honor. Of the eight Pascalines known to have survived, four are held by the Muse des Arts et Mtiers in Paris and one all the more by the Zwinger historical center in Dresden, Germany, show two of his unique mechanical mini-computers. Despite the fact that these machines are spearheading precursors to a further 400 years of improvement of mechanical routines for figuring, and it might be said to the later field of machine building, the number cruncher neglected to be an incredible business achievement. Mostly on the grounds that it was still truly awkward to use by and by, yet most likely basically in light of the fact that it was uncommonly lavish the Pascaline got to be minimal more than a toy, and grown-up toy, for the extremely rich both in France and somewhere else in Europe. Pascal kept on making enhancements to his outline through the following decade and he alludes to nearly 50 machines that were assembled to his configuration. Ada Lovelace portrayed her approach as "poetical science" and herself as an "Investigator ( Metaphysician)". As an adolescent grown-up, her numerical abilities drove her to a progressing working relationship and companionship with individual British mathematician Charles Babbage, and specifically Babbage's work on the Analytical Engine. Somewhere around 1842 and 1843, she deciphered an article by Italian military architect Luigi Menabrea on the motor, which she supplemented with an extensive set of notes she could call her own, basically called Notes. These notes contain what numerous consider to be the first machine programthat is, a calculation intended to be completed by a machine. Lovelace's notes are critical in the early history of machines. She likewise built up a dream on the ability of machines to go past negligible computing or number-crunching, while others, including Babbage himself, concentrated just on those capacities. Her brain set of "poetical science" drove her to m ake inquiries about the Analytical Engine (as demonstrated in her notes) looking at how people and society identify with innovation as a synergistic instruments. Grace Murray Hopper, a PC researcher from America, is a pioneer in her field and was one of Harvard Mark I PC's first developers. She is likewise in charge of adding to the first ever compiler utilized for PC programming dialect. Aside from being the brains behind COBOL which is one of the first few present day programming dialects, Grace Hopper is additionally an United States Navy Rear Admiral. In view of her accomplishments and commitments in the field of software engineering and the naval force, she is now and again affectionately called "Astonishing Grace." 1b. ProfessorxHircock encrypted name: M ABQA ORYB BAEM UGZP 2. Computerized security in the 21st century is more essential than at any other time. The abundance of individual and budgetary data that is conveyed over mobile phones, email, and record exchanges could, in the wrong hands, ruin anybody and any organization. Progressively, the privilege to protection is subject to the privilege to cryptography. Late authoritative and legal activities demonstrate that, for both great and childish propositions, the United States is not ready to permit computerized protection. Review of Privacy Laws The privilege of the individuals to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and impacts, against un sensible pursuits and seizures, might not be damaged, and no Warrants should issue, yet upon reasonable justification, upheld by Oath or insistence, and especially depicting the spot to be looked, and the persons or things to be seize Government and Cryptography The power, characterized beforehand as the legislature and companies, appreciate the security of solid figures yet regularly don't need people likewise to utilize solid figures. Through administrative and legal measures, the administration has attempted to point of confinement the singular's right to gain entrance to cryptography, actually encroaching on free discourse, trial, and security rights. Key Disclosure Key revelation laws require, under specific conditions, that people surrender cryptographic keys to law authorization. In the United States, no law in fact exists yet key exposure is built under case law through the 2007 United States v. Boucher. Cryptography as a Military Asset Cryptography has its establishes in the military and will dependably be a critical military resource. Alongside the Enigma figure, Allied cryptanalysts likewise effectively assaulted the Lorenz figure, utilized among German High Command, and JN-25, utilized by the Japanese Imperial Navy. In the present-day, past the undeniable need to keep military requests mystery, government-supported digital war implies cryptography is a national security concern. Stuxnet, an extensive machine worm found in 2010, overrode pace controls in Iranian axes and set back their atomic project. The proof focuses towards the Israeli government, who have affirmed that "digital fighting is presently among the mainstays of its protection doctrine* +." The 2010, the Pentagon set up the Cyber Command to protect its machine systems from outside assault. It is a late reaction to a war that the US is by all accounts losing, as there are a few affirmed effective assaults on high-esteem military system. 3. Positive Impact of Computers on society Numerous organizations are utilizing PC for keeping the records of their clients. Banks are utilizing computers for keeping up records and overseeing monetary exchanges. The banks are likewise giving the office of internet managing an account. The clients can check their record adjust by utilizing Internet. They can likewise make money related exchange on the web. The exchanges are taken care of effectively and rapidly with automated frameworks. Individuals are utilizing computers for paying their bills. They are getting data from the Internet. They are additionally utilizing computers to deal with their home plan and so forth. PC can be utilized as a part of instruction field to enhance showing and learning procedure. PC is utilized as a part of universities to give the techniques for educating in diverse ways. It is utilized to instruct the understudies viably. Numerous PC based instructive projects are accessible. The understudies can figure out how to peruse, to tally, and to talk a remote dialect. Numerous instructive diversions are getting to be mainstream in the understudies. -A dreary work can be completed with the utilization of computers rapidly and precisely. -Instead utilizing paper records and involving substantial spaces, more data can be put away in little space electronically that can be gotten to as needed. -Computers have multitasking and multiprocessing capacities which offices multifold operation on information. -Since the information are put away in electronic gadgets, they can be effectively gotten to. -Computers comply with the guidelines and they handle the information absence of prejudice amid result handling. -Documents can be kept mystery with exceptional login name and secret key assurance. - Safeguarding the Citizen: Computerized framework give different shielding frameworks. *Personal information store by the police. *Personal information put away by the nearby authoritative bodies. *Information about climate figure. *Information about common catastrophes, for example, seismic tremor. *Information about late occasions of activity ,road,etc. -Social Effects(ATM,Visa card,MasterCard):People can utilize computerized teller machine cards for withdrawing cash saved with the assistance of ATM card ,Visa card or Master card. Negative Impact of Computers on Society Wastage of Time Energy: Many individuals use computers without positive reason. They play amusements and talk for long time. It causes wastage of time and vitality. Information Security: The information put away on PC can be gotten to by unapproved persons through systems. It has made genuine issues to information security. PC Crime: People use PC for contrary exercises. They hacks the Mastercard quantities of the individuals and utilization them for shopping. -The computers are exceptionally extravagant and they aren't moderate for general individuals. -There are a few systems individuals can privateer information for abuse. -Since a PC can do meets expectations much quicker ,less number for representatives can accomplish more work and it prompts expanded unemployment. -Due to glitch of the PC ,colossal information and data can be lost. -Computer innovation is quick changing innovation and we need to upgrade in like manner which may get to be troublesome for little firms and schools. -Due to the trouble of information transmission we fall flat in giving fitting administrations. -Data Integrity and information Security. References Csakany, A. and Vajda, F. (1977). The Impact of Computer Availability on Engineering Education in Hungary.IEEE Trans. Educ., 20(1), pp.2-6. History-computer.com, (2015).History of Computers and Computing, Mechanical calculators, Pioneers, Blaise Pascal. [online] Available at: https://history-computer.com/MechanicalCalculators/Pioneers/Pascal.html [Accessed 9 Feb. 2015]. Rehman, J., Rehman, J., Rehman, J., Rehman, J., Rehman, J. and Rehman, J. (2014).Positive and Negative Impacts of Computer on Society | Pak. [online] Pak Tech Pro. Available at: https://www.paktechpro.com/positive-negative-impacts-computer-society [Accessed 9 Feb. 2015]. Sdsc.edu, (2015).Ada Lovelace: Founder of Scientific Computing. [online] Available at: https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/lovelace.html [Accessed 9 Feb. 2015].

Designing and Managing the Supply Chain, Chapter 1 Questions free essay sample

These subassemblies are assembled during final assembly and then distributed to dealership for the consumer market. b. What are the different firms involved in the supply chain? The following are a selection of firms involved in the supply chain: Suppliers, Manufactures, Transportation companies, Warehouses and distributions centers, sub-contractors, dealerships, and customers. c. What are the objectives of these firms? The simple objective of these firms is to maximize market share and make a profit. Every challenge to operate the supply chain supports these two primary goals. d. Provide examples of conflicting objectives in this supply chain? The supplying industries would like the automobile manufacture to commit themselves to purchasing large quantities with stable volumes with flexible (long-lead) dates. On the manufacture’s side, they need to be flexible to their customers’ need and the change in demands. So what we have is a direct conflict of interest between the suppliers’ and manufactures’ desire for flexibility. We will write a custom essay sample on Designing and Managing the Supply Chain, Chapter 1 Questions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The ability to optimally match supply and demand is just as much an art and it is a science. Other conflicts arise with transportation of smaller batches versus larger batches of supplies. Usually the smaller and faster a batch of supply is required, the cost of transportation increase; another conflicting objective. e. What are the risks that rare or unexpected events pose to this supply chain? An unexpected risk such as a natural disaster can bring the supply chain to a stand still. However, such events can almost never be managed. There are some challenges such as matching supply and demand risks, lead times, forecasts, transportation times and costs, which can be â€Å"managed† or operational risk management used to minimize risks. 2. Consider a consumer mortgage offered by a bank. f. What are the components of the supply chain for a mortgage? There are several components of the supply chain for a consumer mortgage offered by a bank. First, there are marketing companies that solicit to prospective customers. Secondly, the bank needs to be able to evaluate potential customers by using credit-reporting companies. Thirdly, usually a third party bank that extends the mortgage loans. Lastly, the bank requires mortgage brokers that distribute the loans. g. Is there more than one firm involved in the supply chain? What are the objectives of the firm or firms? Marketing companies try to increase the responses from prospective homebuyers to maximize their returns. The banks try to find customers that are a relatively low risk, on-time payments, and low average maturity date; i. e. , maximize profits. The mortgage broker is all about maximizing his commission of the sell of the property. . What are the similarities between product and service supply chains, what are the differences? Both product and service supply chains provide a need. The difference is the type of service, instead of the physical product†¦ faster, better, cheaper all apply. Some of the differences between the two types of supply chains are as follows: * With the product supply chain there is both the flow of physical and infor mational products. However, in the service supply chain, the product is mostly information. Unlike the service supply chain, inventory and transportation of goods are a major costs of product supply chains. * Since service supply chains usually don’t carry inventory, coordinating capacity with demand is usually more important. * The cost of information is more often higher than in a product supply chain. Consider the cost of a credit report or hiring a consultant. 6. Consider the supply chain for canned peaches sold by a major food-processing company. What are the sources of uncertainty in this supply chain? Some of the sources of uncertainty are as follows: The first factor to consider is the peach crop and the factors that effect it†¦ weather, disease, and disasters. * Number if migrant workers available to harvest the crop†¦ spoilage. * Lead times from field to processing plant†¦ spoilage. * Processing time, storage, and transportation times and costs. * Dem and is not know beforehand. CASE: Meditech Surgical 1. What are Meditech’s problems in introducing new products? In manufacturing ALL products? Meditech has two major issues with introducing new products. * It has poor service levels for new products The inventory levels are higher than necessary for all of its products 2. What is diving these problems, both systematically and organizationally? There are seven major areas in which Meditech is driving these problems: * In the planning system, there are too many built-in delays and monthly buckets. This leads to inefficacies, unneeded delays, and high inventory levels. * There is no tracking of forecasting errors. * Product demand is poorly studied. * The Info Systems used to record and monitor amp; inventory are not integrated and inadequately designed. Because Meditech does not normally see the end-customer, it has to overcome failures of communications with them†¦ hording/panic orders is one example of this failure to c ommunicate with end-customers. * The poor planning system is use magnifies variations in demand. * Panic ordering. 3. Why is the customer service manager the first person to recognize the major issues? He was the person who directly received customer complaints. In his position he was able to determine the scope of the problems. Other managers were not in positions to be aware of customer satisfaction. 4. How would you fix these problems? There are several ways to fix the problems Meditech is facing. The first and most important is improving communications with customers†¦ Five â€Å"Y†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s. Another way to improve their SCM is to develop better demand forecasting systems and accountability for their forecasts. Furthermore, Meditech needs to integrate, implement, and improve their information systems. They could easily eliminate bulk inventory by putting assembly within the pull system; i. e. , get rid of the â€Å"push-pull† system. Lastly, they could implement a planning system to decrease planning delays (or just use M. S. Project) and reduce system time buckets.

The Civil War Essays (1188 words) - Reconstruction Era,

The Civil War The Civil War During both the civil war and civil war reconstruction time periods, there were many changes going on in the Union. The Emancipation Proclamation, as well as legislation such as the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth amendments, was causing a new awakening of democracy; while the renouncing of secession by the South marked a definite triumph for Nationalism. As well, the government was involved in altercations of its own. During reconstruction, the legislative and executive branches eventually came to blows over the use of power. The nation was being altered by forces which caused, and later repaired, a broken Union. The first of these forces, was the expansion of democracy. As early as 1862, Lincoln was taking a major step in that direction. On September 22, Lincoln announced the freeing of all slaves in areas not in Union control. Although the proclamation did not free all slaves everywhere, it was the action that would push Congress to pass the thirteenth amendment in 1865. The amendment, ratified later in 1865, stated that Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude . . . shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. It seemed democracy had triumphed by giving freedom to slaves, but the amendment was not complete. It only stopped slavery, and made no provisions for citizenship; therefore, blacks were still not considered United States citizens. The fourteenth amendment was the democratic expansion that fixed that problem. Originally passed to put a number of matters beyond the control or discretion of the president, the amendment also made All persons born or naturalized in the United States . . . citizens of the United States. It also provided that, No State shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States. This not only gave new meaning to black men's freedom, but it also gave a new and broader meaning to citizenship. Those drafting the amendment hoped that the broadness of would cover unanticipated abuses, yet, the general phrasing was only an advantage to abusers. There is no listing of the privileges or immunities offered to U.S. citizens. In fact, there is not even a clarification of what rights a citizen has. These generalities, and the abuses that went with them, prompted the adoption of the fifteenth amendment in 1870. The final major step towards democratic expansion during reconstruction, the fifteenth amendment granted The right of citizens of the United States to vote, and that right, shall not be denied on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. This amendment finally took out loopholes existent in the thirteenth and fourteenth amendments. The government of the United States was coming closer to being a government by all of the people, and not just whites. Civil war reconstruction offered more than just extended democracy, however. It was also a time of national unification. One of the major boosts to United States nationalism, began with the simple Union victory over the confederacy. Secession was unconstitutional according to those who supported the Union. By defeating the confederacy, the Union had only confirmed that fact. As well, the radical Republican reconstruction plan called for an official renunciation of secession, before states could be readmitted to the Union. If secession from the Union was now illegal, then Daniel Webster's theory of the Constitution being a people's government, and not a compact of states had to be true. The Constitution . . . [begins] with the words 'We the people,' and it was the people, not the states, who . . . created it, Webster claimed in his nationalist theory of the Constitution. The Union became more united than ever before, because now it truly was a Union, . . . now and forever, one and inseparable. There were changes, though, that were occurring in the reconstruction time period that were not as helpful to t he Union as democracy and nationalism. While the nation was reveling in these more encouraging developments, the Union government was having internal conflicts. Congress and the president began dueling over power distribution starting at about the time of Andrew Johnson's presidency. Johnson became president after Lincoln's death and immediately set the tone for the rest of his

Tips For Writing a Scholarship Essay

Tips For Writing a Scholarship EssayA sample scholarship essay is a tool for helping the student to write an essay on his or her own. The essay can be based on any theme and may take as little as a few minutes to complete.The sample essays include past essays written by the student's high school's guidance counselor, or a professional academic advisor, or on the internet. The sample essays are prepared by a professional essay writing service that specializes in preparing sample essays and helping students to write their own.The samples are created to serve the student who is looking for ways to improve the quality of his or her essays. They are not written by the college or university or by a professor; rather, they are a template to help the student write a scholarship essay that will not only be accepted but also be given credit for originality.The sample scholarship essay is the perfect aid for assisting the struggling student with this difficult process. In many cases, the colleg e or university guidance counselor or college advisor has already done the research to help the student. In fact, sometimes the student does not even have to go anywhere near the library to do the research.Scholarships, grants, and other financial aid are usually based on the merit of the applicant. To get a scholarship, one must write a very good scholarship essay. He or she must make their subject matter interesting to the reader and must do it well.The student can find help in the selection of topic, style, and tone of the scholarship essay. The essay can include the requirements for applying and the award amount, which is contingent upon the student's grades. In addition, if the student wishes to do so, he or she can give more detail about how the 'customary' scholarships are selected and the areas of study which lead to these scholarships. The academic advisor at the college or university will be the first person to ask for a sample scholarship essay. The advisor will see the s tudent's scholarship applications, or he or she will take the time to speak with the student about the topic. The scholarship advisor will then consult with the student on how best to organize the essay.If a student asks for a sample scholarship essay, he or she should expect a great deal of help in writing his or her scholarship essay. By following the tips above, a student can learn how to put together an exceptional essay.

Industrial Terrorism in Modern World

Industrial Terrorism in Modern World Overview Incorrect assumption in alleviating the threat posed by industrial terrorism is the main setback in the fight against acts of terror that target industrial chemical establishments. In the past, much of the effort had been directed towards responding to disasters caused by terrorism with minimal consideration of protective measures that can be put in place.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Industrial Terrorism in Modern World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although the September 11, 2001 incidence did not target chemical plants but real human life, first responders have made significant progress strengthening capabilities needed to defend the nation against the threat of WMD (Kosal, 2006). The DHS national guidelines developed and implemented nationwide have provided a durable framework for multi-agency coordination and cooperation. This is important because terrorist attacks or major disasters often ar e beyond what a single jurisdiction can respond to effectively. However, whether levels of preparedness are adequate at all levels of government may prove difficult to assess. Many emergency response and management professionals believe that the nation is better prepared than it was prior to 11th September 2001, but still has plenty of room for improvement. For example, priority missions identified in Homeland Security Strategic Plans have associated capabilities taken from the DHS Target Capabilities List. Each capability must reach target levels of performance if an adequate level of preparedness is to be achieved. It is clear that the emergency response community benefits from national standards that allow response entities to coordinate more effectively than before. However, to reiterate, is this level of preparedness where it needs to be? If not, what are the shortfalls and how should they be addressed? The biggest challenge for achieving an appropriate level of preparedness na tionwide remains the need for continued strengthening of multi-agency capabilities. Multi-agency preparedness, in terms of multi-agency capabilities achieving target levels of performance, is critical for safeguarding the country. This paper offers a succinct overview of industrial terrorism with cross reference to regulatory measures in place and some of the loopholes that need to be sealed in fully addressing the menace. Incidents It is highly possible that close to 2.4 million people may either sustain serious injuries or be killed altogether in the event that a terrorist attack is directed in a heavy industrial plant establishment with several employees (Perrow, 2007). Secondly, it also worth to note that substantial quantities of industrial chemicals emanating from over 15,000 chemical plants are transported, stored and produced.Advertising Looking for term paper on homeland security? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is against this background that â€Å"a worst vase release† was determined by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1996 and established the fact that over 100 of the identified chemical facilities had the potential of jeopardizing over one million lives located near the plants. Further, it is also estimated that between100, 000 and 1,000,000 people are currently at risk of the chemical facilities should they turn to be targets of industrial terrorists. Indeed, these are staggering numbers that authorities cannot merely develop policy documents without implementing the proposals. While politics has played a significant role in aggravating industrial terrorism, the international terrorist groups targeting industrial chemical plants has been uniquely identified as a thorn in the flesh in domestic security platform. It is an urgent threat to the security of people, whether viewed in terms of loss in life or destruction of property. Unfortunately, the relative effo rts to improve the status of domestic security have not seriously embarked on setting up robust measures against safeguarding industrial plants. The chemical plants remain as potential points of ‘accidents’ yet to be caused by terrorist. Owing to this precariously dangling scenario, there are interest groups that have incessantly pressured Washington to institute safety measures. On the same note, the chemical industries themselves are fighting hard to see into it that the federal government put up measures that will protect them against organized international terrorism. Even after the September 11 attacks and the subsequent creation of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), critics continue to assert that security measures adopted by the Homeland Security Act f 2002 on industrial chemicals are quite weak. The Act does not fully take into account the growing technological trends in industrial terrorism. Most chemical plants do not have any robust security structure since the federal standards in place are relatively weak.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Industrial Terrorism in Modern World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Critical infrastructure Why then are the chemical industries considered to be critical infrastructure? It is definite that employees in chemical industries are at a higher risk exposure due to threats of industrial terrorism. It is also evident that the worst-case scenarios present staggering numbers of people that are highly likely to be either injured or killed. The Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB) estimated over 2,000 sustained injuries in over 2,000 facilities each year. It is important to note that these figures are drawn within the U.S borders alone. The statistics could even be higher bearing in mind that the total number of chemical establishments in United States is continually growing. Contrary to the expectation, most of t hese injuries are sustained when the chemicals are being transported, not just within the chemical plants themselves. Besides, the worst impact of industrial terrorism is felt on the performance of the economy over and above the mass causalities and injuries. Much of the export from U.S emanates from the chemical industry. For instance, the year 2001 witnessed more than 80 billion dollars of exports from the chemical industry. This accounted for slightly over 10% of the total exports from United States. Besides, the industry employs more than one million workers at the local level while Research and Development consumes over 31 billion dollars on an annual basis. It is against this background that any terror attacks on industrial chemical facilities can grossly jeopardize the economy and as such, it is considered to be a critical infrastructure. In any case, the ability to communicate risk as soon as they are noted is crucial since it marks an integral step of responding to risks as well as being strategically prepared. The fact that strategic risk management has not been visibly put in place implies that some of the safety measures put in place may not be well received by the people and especially those employed in the industrial facilities targeted by terrorists (Chess, 2001). To date, industrial facilities that are considered high risk to acts of terrorism are being safeguarded by the SARA Title III. According to this title, the task of reporting and communicating risk has been mandated to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).Advertising Looking for term paper on homeland security? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For comminutes that are located within the proximity of facilities earmarked as ‘high risk’, local Emergency Planning Committees have been formed bridge the gap between the local governments and the grass-root level. One of the fundamental roles of this committee is to set up procedures and measures for manufacturing emergencies. Additionally, the committee also serves as an open forum where concerned groups or individuals can air their concerns regarding the chemical industries located near them. For instance, health and safety officials, industry representatives, government officials as well as individual residents can make use of this committee to deliberate on safety concern issues emanating from industrial establishments within their locality. Realistically speaking, it is vital step to take. The impact would even be larger if it were replicated in the at all levels of the government namely local, state and federal. The American Chemistry Council has also been on t he forefront towards implementing the initiatives set forward by the state and federal government. For example, there are SARA Title III requirements that must be met by chemical industrial plants. In order to meet these minimum requirements, the council is proactive in creating community advisory panels. These panels provide a forum through which the community can dialogue on matters related to safety of industrial facilities within their areas of residence. Besides, the public health officials are also mandated to see into it that the manufacturing principles are not only safe enough for the exposed populations but also meet the optimum requirements for anti-terror attacks. Furthermore, the Responsible Care Security Code was incepted after the 9/11 terror attacks. The code ensures that there is re-alignment between law enforcement and industry relationships. The protection of the high-risk chemical sites is also a top priority agenda under this code. Furthermore, the chemical comp anies are required by law to safeguard information that may be lethal should they fall on perpetrators of terror alongside striving to improve the security of their environment (Linden, 2007). This requirement is contained in the Responsible Care Practitioner’s Site chapter. Hence, both the individual companies and the industry at large are redirecting their efforts in developing components crucial to combat industrial terrorism. In order to achieve this, risk communication plans have been devised and implemented by many players especially those in the explosive toxic chemical industries. Although such efforts are apparently appealing, there is lack of positive reporting on the impacts derived from these measures. For example, environmental information and how the same is communicated to citizens is still a matter of concern. There are mixed reactions on how both the councils and committees have been relaying the vital information to the highly vulnerable communities. It is f eared that although such community based organizations have existed for long, most residents seem not to be aware of their operations (Heath, Bradshaw Lee, 2002). On the other hand, the intended functions of these organizations have been approved by slightly over 60% of residents. Nonetheless, it is unanimously agreed that a communication structure that is fully functional is necessary so that uncertainties can be managed a lot easier. Industrial responsiveness is indeed paramount even as the integral role of risk management is being given due consideration by both the federal government and industry players. Federal regulations The Department of Homeland Security was created by the federal government in a bid to tame domestic security, this being one of the largest overhauls in security systems and structures ever experienced in a fifty-year period (Sloan, 2008). The rationale behind this monumental task was to harness and consolidate the federal government’s protective and anti-terror systems so as to ascertain that the process of deploying and coordinating security services is done in a more harmonious and effective way. The emergency preparedness and response branch takes care of disaster preparedness at the domestic level alongside offering training and capacity building to First Responders. Furthermore, this division accelerates the process of recovering from acts of terror and disasters. In fact, the key role of the directorate is to ensure that there is a high level of disaster preparedness among various teams charged with emergency response. This would be of great importance to industrial terrorism setting where mass causalities are highly likely in the event of terror attack. Hence, an emergency response plan is one of the many strategies employed by this division to cater for hazards and attacks. Under this division are FBIs National Domestic Preparedness Office and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Moreover, a national crisis managem ent system is part and parcel of the distinguishing tasks of this wing. In order to achieve this, it coordinates the working of emergency response teams using some public safety organizations located at the local and state governments. The science and technology division specifically deals with technology behind technological advances in Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) that are often used attacking industrial chemical facilities. Hence, all catastrophic acts of terrorism applying either biological or chemical warfare are under the control of this wing of DHS. The Homeland Security Act of 2002 also mandates the science and technology division to set up a national emergency strategy teams at all levels of the government (Sloan, 2008). For example, the local and state governments should be well equipped with response teams that are well versed with both the management and disaster recovery skills following nuclear attacks, radiological or chemical terrorism. The overall aim is to sy nchronize the various response plans to improve efficiency. Further, the development of diagnostics antidotes, antibodies and vaccines is under this division. Better still, the Act provides plenty of room for devising countermeasures that can be instrumental in minimizing the threats of WMD attacks. Data collection and analysis is under the docket of Information Analysis and Infrastructure Division. The data to be analyzed are obtained from relevant federal agencies like Departments Drug Enforcement Agency and National Security Agency. The Homeland Security Act 2002 also established two main units under this division. These are the Critical Infrastructure Protection as well as the Threat Analysis and Warning. As a core duty, the division ensures that all data gathered and analyzed before the September 11 attacks are not only accurate but also relevant in the actual security operation. Hence, information has been centralized by this wing of the homeland security. The given informatio n is assessed in terms of the potential threats to national security. Additionally, relevant response actions are conveyed to the right teams spread across the federal government. Disparate intelligence information is compiled by the Threat Analysis and Warning wing of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The level of vulnerability of the nation in terms of catastrophes caused by either man or natural factors is also assessed. The security information at the domestic level is evaluated by the Critical Infrastructure Protection. In particular, the internal security components of the nation are analyzed by this division of the Homeland security. While the roles of the division are far reaching, the individual officials deployed at this branch are mandated to come up with sound policies that can assist in protecting targets labeled as high risk. Apart from the provisions of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 outlined above, this grand piece of legislation also stipulates that expl osives should not be possessed beyond certain restrictions. Further, the Act also permits training of pilots on how to defend their crew just in case they are exposed to danger of airborne terror attack. It goes further stating that airport screening can only be done by either U.S nationals or citizens. The U.S immigrants are excluded under this provision. Although the Act has addressed myriad of security concern issues on terrorism, there are latent weaknesses that cannot be ignored if the department is to fully safeguard the growing threats to industrial terrorism. For instance, the creation of Operation TIPS is strictly forbidden in the Homeland Security Act of 2002. According to critics, this controversial security organ would have transformed the Department of Homeland Security into a swift intelligence agency with the power and ability to efficiently handle and manages homeland security in totality including industrial terrorism. Nonetheless, the main point of concern by the A merican Liberties Union is that the integration of such legislation into the country’s constitution would grossly jeopardize civil liberties protection. According to the proposals contained in the TIPS provisions, the Liberties Union argue that it will be impossible to grant citizens and other American nationals the right to privacy as granted in the constitution. The fact that the Department of Homeland Security has express right over controlling infrastructure, a director at ACLU, Laura Murphy, maintained that the department was given superfluous powers over vital infrastructure thereby limiting the public from conducting any significant scrutiny (Sloan, 2008). According to the provisions in the Act, certain infrastructure information may not be availed to the public especially if the government presumes it unfit for purposes of national security. Indeed, one of the apparent weaknesses in the Act is the fact that any disclosure of the ‘critical infrastructure’ information by a government official may lead to heavy imposition of criminal offence on the offender. Hence, whistle blowers on certain matters directly affecting the American public may as well be branded ‘criminals’ since they will have contravened this law. The online privacy of individuals is also undermined at great length by this piece of legislation. The Center for Democracy and Technology argue that the Cyber Security Enhancement Act is a real setback to personal online privacy (Sloan, 2008). According to the provisions in this Act, the government has the right, through telecom companies, to access and retrieve personal online data such as internet transactions and emails. The government’s rationale behind this legal provision is that accessing such personal information is pertinent especially in the event that national security is at risk. For telecommunication companies, they have been quite reluctant to avail personal information unless there are cour t warrants to do so. Cyber criminals like those who hack computers may be sentenced to life imprisonment as a maximum charge. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is also permitted by this law to access and utilize intelligence materials courtesy of the office of TIA. William Safire, a New York Times columnist dismissed this legislative arrangement as â€Å"Big Brotherism†. At the same time, TIA was also limited by the Congress. The appropriations bill of the Congress also witnessed a heavily cut down of the TIA budget. In yet another separate but related developments about the Homeland Security Act of 2002, the indemnification provision has equally sparked widespread protests. This provision has it that class-action law suits filed by citizens against individual or corporate contractors are restricted up to some level. Although the provision does not favor individual citizens and American nationals interested in lodging their complaints against public health menace caus ed by contractors, the government argues that companies which manufacture lethal vaccines necessary in biological or chemical warfare should be given some incentives to continue with the tedious task of production. This, according to the government, will shield them from high liability overheads. Worse still, the Homeland Security Act of 2002 that led to the inception of the Department of Homeland Security has faced equally tough criticism from city mayors who lament that the Act failed to provide â€Å"money to cities to fight terrorism† (CNN Politics, 2002). In recap, it is pertinent to reiterate that the chemical industry is highly visible in the eyes of terrorists and is equally potentially dangerous upon attack by terrorists. It is therefore necessary for the federal government to reinforce anti-terror planning and strategies. Emphatically, It is also worth to note that there are certain pieces of ‘critical industrial information’ that may be instrumental in terrorist planning. However, rather than creating a cowed community, risky information should be utilized in such a way that it empowers the community. In spite of the growing concerns on industrial terrorism, the security status in the transportation sector is equally important since terrorists are well known to target industrial chemicals on transit. References Chess, C. (2001). Organizational theory and the stages of risk communication. Risk Analysis, 21(1), 179-188. CNN Politics (2003). Bush signs homeland security bill. Web. Heath, R. L., Bradshaw, J., Lee, J. (2002). Community relationship building: Local leadership in the risk communication infrastructure. Journal of Public Relations Research, 14, 17-353. Kosal, E.M. (2006). Terrorism Targeting Industrial Chemical Facilities: Strategic Motivations and the Implications for U.S. Security. Studies in Conflict Terrorism, 29, 719–751. Linden, V.E. (2007). Focus on Terrorism, Volume 9 New York: Nova Science Publishing Inc . Perrow, C. (2007). The Next Catastrophe: Reducing Our Vulnerabilities to Natural, Industrial and Terrorist Disasters. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Sloan, E. (2008). Continental and homeland security: From Bush to Obama. International Journal, 64(1), 191-200.